Heart of Darkness - Section – 2

Characters:

Marlow:  Main narrator, captain of steamer up the Congo River

Kurtz:  Manager of the Inner Station

General Manager:  Company employee, manager of the Central Station

Unnamed listener:  Narrator of frame story

Section - 2

               One day, Marlow was lying on the station and heard two men conversing, with each other; they were the leader of EEE, and the manager. Manager was telling his uncle that he is not happy with the arrival of Mr. Kurtz on that region. The Uncle replied that the climate of the region may affect Kurtz and it may cause his death. If Kurtz die, manager's problem would get solved.

             The uncle asked that whether Mr. Kurtz was alone at the station or not, manager replied that yes he was alone but previously there was an assistant with him but he sent his assistant with a message that he does not need any assistant. Now, Mr. Kurtz was sending a high quality of ivory with considerable quantity.

Marlow begun to think about Kurtz and thought about his nature and personality, he thought that Mr. Kurtz is a good and an honest kind of a person who is devoted to his work alone. As Uncle also said,

"He should not allowed his position to be weakened"

           Manager said that Kurtz has capability to make each company station as a 'light house' which can illuminate the road for natives to lead and can prove a good sign for the better future of the natives.

           From manager's talk, Marlow come to know that almost all people who came to this part from Europe died very fast. After few days EEE departed from the station and went somewhere for business. After some time news came that all donkeys have died, but what happened to men that nobody knows.

          Marlow initially did not like even the mention about Mr. Kurtz but now his interest in Mr. Kurtz has aroused. The steamer got repaired and the journey begun. Over the river the manager has also accompanied Marlow in this journey and there were three or four other white men on the steamer.

Marlow then was meditating upon the situation and he felt that mind of man was capable of anything and the mind of man contain all the past and future and also joy, fear sorrow and such other feelings. According to Marlow,

"Thinking man is an intelligent man, who can face any situation and threats"

And what people need is a strong belief, man should believe in himself by doing this he can overcome any difficult situation.

              After sometime when they were sailing upon the river, Marlow and his companion saw a hut. On the river bank they got down from the steamer and went inside the hut on a wooden board they read words,

"Hurry up! Approach cautiously"

             Marlow did not understand what that warning meant. It was not clear there in the hut Marlow found a book, it was a book containing guidance for sea man and the author of that book had a name of "Towson" or perhaps "Tower". Marlow decided to keep that book at that time the manager said that the man who must be living there has now gone to somewhere, where nobody could find him. And they left the hut.

            Now, they just had to cover eight miles from Mr. Kurtz's station and Marlow wanted to complete the journey without delay, but it was almost getting dark and that's why they decided to continue the journey next day. Next day when they were few miles away from the company station there was an attack tribes, they were throwing arrows from behind the trees, the white men started firing guns at the attackers, but arrows were still coming. Marlow has thought about another method to stop them and then he pulled the string of the steamer whistle. The sound was completely new for them and it created panic among them. Marlow kept doing that, after few minutes all the movement stopped.

         When attacks stopped, the manager told Marlow that by now, Mr. Kurtz also must have been killed by the same tribes. When Marlow heard this, he got disappointed, he felt as if,

"He has missed his destiny in life"

        Marlow stopped his narration for a while and then started telling his story again. Marlow come to know that Mr. Kurtz is alive and he also talked about a girl whom Mr. Kurtz wanted to marry. This girl could be described as his "Intended" but ivory was his chief interest. Marlow then spoke the words which Mr. Kurtz repeatedly speak,

"My intended, My ivory, My Station, My river, My everything"

         Indeed Mr. Kurtz talked as if everything around him belong to him, but what Marlow thought that what Mr. Kurtz belong to...

Marlow's opinion was that Mr. Kurtz belongs to,

"Power of Darkness"

          Then, Marlow told his listeners that Mr. Kurtz was partly educated in England. Mr. Kurtz's mother was half English and his father was half French, and therefore Mr. Kurtz has combined culture of all the European countries. Mr. Kurtz was according to Marlow, an 'Uncommon' man. Marlow was getting interested in Kurtz and now he had become a faithful friend of him.

          The steamer has now reached to the inner station; a white man was waving his hand. As soon as Marlow got down from the steamer, he told the white man that the steamer had been attacked by the natives. The white man said that he knew about the attack and everything will be all right.

        Then the whiteman started talking with Marlow, from his talk, Marlow came to know that, the man was Russian. And he was the same man who was living in the hut where Marlow and the manager went. Marlow then put out a book which he had taken from the hut. When Russian saw the book, he got excited. The Russian then inform Marlow that he had run away from school and home at the early age and had been wandering. He was the son of priest but he quarrelled with his father, he was hardily 25 years old at this time. Marlow has given a book to him and the Russian has informed Marlow that the tribes man who had attacked Marlow's steamer were not really harass white people. Russian said that,

"The tribes of this region did not want Mr. Kurtz to leave them and therefore they had attacked the steamer."

        Because they thought that the steamer had come to take away Mr. Kurtz from that place. For Mr. Kurtz they can kill anyone. At last he added that he personally wants Mr. Kurtz to leave the region and go back to Europe. Mr. Kurtz was ill from many days and his condition was very bad. Russian pointed out a building and said that Mr. Kurtz is ill and is living in this building. He also added that natives had become his subservient.  

       When Marlow saw the building, he saw the heads and skulls of human being hang there. Russian said that those heads were of those men who had rebelled against Mr. Kurtz and his authority.

        A group of white man came and they were carrying stretcher on which Mr. Kurtz was lying. As soon as the black natives came to know that they are here to take away Mr. Kurtz they arrived and stopped white men. When Russian saw this natives fully armed and ready to fight, he told Marlow that an attack of the natives could be only prevented by Mr. Kurtz.

         When Russian had just completed that sentence, Marlow saw Mr. Kurtz raised in the stretcher to say something, this was the first time Marlow saw Mr. Kurtz. Marlow knew that "Kurtz" was a German word which meant "short". When Marlow saw Mr. Kurtz he realized that his name was apt for him. As soon as Mr. Kurtz has completed his speech, natives started to disperse in the forest.

       The white man placed the stretcher into the steamer and there Marlow personally met Mr. Kurtz. He praised Marlow and said he was glad to meet Marlow.

After sometime a native woman arrived there, she stayed for a while and then she walked away into forest. Russian told Marlow that she is deeply interested in Mr. Kurtz and she tried her best to keep Mr. Kurtz here.

       On the steamer, Mr. Kurtz said that he will come back and carry away all his plans. After hearing this Manager said that if Mr. Kurtz would not be here then the ivory business would suffer.

       There were only two men on the boat, who was in favour of Mr. Kurtz and they were Marlow and Russian. Russian said that according to him, Mr. Kurtz was,

"An immortal being"

            Russian has given important information that the attackers were sent by Mr. Kurtz, because he did not want to go anywhere by leaving his station. Mr. Kurtz hated the idea of being removed from that region. Russian informed Marlow that Mr. Kurtz was a very good poet and its a great delight to here Mr. Kurtz reciting e poetry.

           At the night Mr. Kurtz left the steamer without informing anyone. Marlow came to know that Mr. Kurtz was not on the boat. He went into the forest to search him. He found Mr. Kurtz, who was trying to go as far as he could. He was not having enough energy to walk and at last Marlow lifted him up on his back to the steamer.

On the next day, there was another attack by natives and there were almost 2000 people looking at the ship, they were going to attack the ship but this time Marlow has again blow the whistle of the ship and the sound made natives to disperse in the forest, but the woman was still standing there.

          While sailing, Mr. Kurtz was talking about his life career and his intended. he kept talking about the woman whom he wanted to marry. One morning, Mr. Kurtz gave a packed of papers and a photograph. Mr. Kurtz said that the paper contains his ideas and the photograph was of the woman whom he wanted to marry. One evening, Mr. Kurtz said that he is waiting for his death and then he cried out and said,

"The horror! The Horror!"

Then Marlow left the room and after a little while, the servant came and said that,

"Mistah Kurtz - the dead"

        Next day white men buried Mr. Kurtz's dead body, and according to Marlow, they did not give Mr. Kurtz a decent burial.

          Marlow was not sad because now he was very much loyal to Mr. Kurtz and his memories. As per Marlow, Mr. Kurtz has summed up his experiences of life and the world was exact the same as per his judgements, "The Horror!" As per him,

"His was an impenetrable"

And Marlow knew that if they lose Mr. Kurtz,

"It would be an incalculable loss."

          For Marlow the last two words of Mr. Kurtz suggests the hatred in men.

Now, Marlow's business in the Congo was over and he returned of Brussels. Marlow met so many people who wanted to have papers which were given by Mr. Kurtz. Marlow thought he would give the papers to the woman in a photograph.

Marlow met a girl whom Mr. Kurtz wanted to marry and a year already had passed, the girl was still mourning over Mr. Kurtz's death, she said Marlow,

"What a lost to me, I have been very happy, very fortunate, and very proud and now I am Unhappy.

        She told Marlow that how much she loved Mr. Kurtz and then she asked about the last words of Mr. Kurtz. Marlow was aware with his last words but he lied to the woman, and said that, his last words were your name. On hearing this, the girl again started weeping. Marlow knew that the lie which he had told would remain always a source of comfort and joy to that girl.

        Marlow then had ended his narrative and at that time, the tide had also return.

Heart of Darkness - Section – 1 - Part - 2-3

Characters:

Marlow:  Main narrator, captain of steamer up the Congo River

Kurtz:  Manager of the Inner Station

General Manager:  Company employee, manager of the Central Station

Unnamed listener:  Narrator of frame story

Section – 1

1. Marlow’s early life and new employment

2. Marlow’s trip to the Mouth of the Congo and arrival in Africa

3. Marlow’s time at the Middle station

2. Marlow’s trip to the Mouth of the Congo and arrival in Africa

              After a few minutes Marlow embraced his aunt and left to Africa, After more than 13 days, Marlow saw the mouth of big river namely 'The Congo river'. Still Marlow had to continue his journey for 200 miles more. Marlow aborted the steamer and the captain of the steamer became quite friendly with Marlow. The captain told Marlow that a Swede hang himself there on that place, because probably he found that place unbearable. Then the steamer reached to a rocky cliff, here Marlow get down and started walking towards the houses. On his way, he saw a lot of mostly naked, and miserable in their appearance people moving like ants.

      

             After that in the distance he saw the company station. Here he supposed to stay for some time. Being there he found a path which lade upon the hill and some men were blasting rock with gun powder, Marlow thought that they are blasting rock because of a railway line was to be built there, but it was not clear for Marlow why those men were blasting the rocks did not stand in the way of building railway line and the blasting rocks seems to Marlow completely aimless.

           Marlow then heard a strange sound, he turned his head and he saw six black men walking in a row, there were baskets full of earth on their hands, each of the man had an iron collar around their neck, and they all were linked together with a steel chain. These men were criminals who had broken the laws. They all passed from there without looking at Marlow, for Marlow they seemed like unhappy savages. Behind those six men, a guard was following them with rifle in his hand. When Marlow saw that men he got a very strange and disgusted feeling even though Marlow had already experienced and seen violence and passion of every kind in his life and this was just "The Chain-gang". He felt that those men were treated like 'Wild beasts'.

    

         Marlow walked for a while and took rest under the shade of tree. At there, also Marlow could able to heard the sound of blasting rocks, which was still continue. Marlow saw those men when they all came near to the place where Marlow was. Marlow felt that all these men were dying slowly, they were not criminals or the member of any tribe, but they were dying because of starvation and disease. They were lying in the shade of tree.

        Marlow then started walking towards the company station where he met a white man who was neatly dressed up, that man was company's chief accountant. All the company's accounts were maintained in that station. When Marlow saw him, he felt amazement because his cloths were neat and clean. Marlow then come to know that he was working there for last three years and was very devoted to his work.

       Marlow had to stay at that station for 10 days; Marlow has given a hut in which he stayed for 10 days. The atmosphere was too hot in and outside of the hut. One day the chief accountant told Marlow that when he would go to centre of the company, he would meet the man named Mr. Kurtz. Marlow asked about him and Chief accountant started praising Kurtz and his abilities. He also said that he is a remarkable man and at this point of time he is in-charge of trading post. He is holding an important position in the company.

        During Marlow stayed there, he withstands so many incidents that indeed shake his mind. One day a caravan came and all people from that caravan were talking about "Ivory." Chief accountant could not bear the voice of people and he mentioned that,

"Someday Mr. Kurtz would rise to a high position in the administration of the company"

           The accountant also asked Marlow to convey to Mr. Kurtz a message that everything at that station was in good condition and said,

"Mr. Kurtz was the best agent he had, an exceptional man, of the greatest importance to the company"

          

           Marlow now had to complete the journey on foots. He had to cover 200 miles distance in 15 days and again he saw Congo in his path to 'The Central station of the company". Here Marlow saw the number of white men who were carrying long sticks in their hands one of them stopped and talked with Marlow in friendly manner. Marlow introduced himself to the man and that man informed Marlow that "the steamer" on which he had to come to Congo has gone down in the river, hearing this Marlow was shocked and also worried that what he would do without the steamer. The man assured Marlow that they can repair the steamer, but first Marlow has to pull out the steamer to repair it.

           Marlow then had the meeting with the manager of the central station, he was a bit rude and was working there from his youth onwards, the men who were working under him certainly carried his orders but nobody love and respect him. All were carrying out his orders only due to responsibility. According to Marlow, the manager was not talented and enthusiastic and he also come to know that he got this position not because he is talented but,

"He had never fallen ill"

         From the day he started working in this company, he has maintained his health well, and how, that was a secret. Because it happens once in a year that everybody at that station fall ill because of any disease but the manager never has affected by such things.

         According to the manager people who want to come to Africa should be a Superhuman. The secret of his health was a kind of Darkness into which nobody could peep. This man could be described neither as polite nor as impolite. This man had a Negro boy attended, who was the only one to give respect to this man and this boy kept himself isolated from everybody else.

         Then Manager told Marlow regarding the station, that the situation of that station is getting serious because there are rumours that the most important station of the company was in great danger because its chief And again Manager has also started praising Mr. Kurtz. Mr. Kurtz was ill, Marlow felt irritated after hearing the name of Mr. Kurtz.

          The manager then asked Marlow that how many days it would take to pull out the steamer. Marlow replied probably it would take more than a month to pull out the steamer and to repair it. The next day Marlow saw some man and he was curious to know that what they were doing at the station. He saw that they were aimlessly moving near station with sticks, but there was a common word which Marlow heard and it was 'ivory'. Everybody was uttering this word all the time, Marlow thought those man were offering their prayers to ivory, the constant repetition of that word showed how greedy they were because 'ivory' was the thing for which they were in search of.

         Marlow was witnessing various things that were happening around him. One evening a shed full of cotton caught fire and everything in shed burnt to ashes. A Negro was beaten horribly on the charge of burning the shed. He was groaning badly out of pain.

          Marlow then heard two men talking regarding the accident of the fire, one of them was the manager of central station, and the other man was an agent of the company. When the manager left Marlow and that man engaged in a talk, that man took Marlow to his room, which was in the main building of the station, that man lighted a candle. Marlow then realised that man was privileged to light up the candle, because only the manager was permitted to light up the candle in his room. 

          Marlow then come to know that he was a brick maker, but Marlow was surprised because there was not any fragment of brick in the company station. The man told him that he is there for last one year and is waiting to make bricks but he was not able to make any brick because he did not have required material. Marlow was not able to understand that what he was doing there if he has not any work to do, then he realised that every man at the station 

  "had been waiting for something".

        After some time, Marlow realised that the man wanted to have some information about the company's board of directions in Europe, and Marlow did know nothing about that. Marlow has noticed an unusual painting on the wall, of a blindfold woman with a torch. When Marlow asked about that, the brick maker revealed that the painting was painted by Mr. Kurtz.

           The brick maker told Marlow that Kurtz is a genius. He has sent as a special representative of Western ideals by company's directors and bound for quick advancement. He also reveals that he has seen confidential correspondence dealing with Marlow's appointment from which he has constructed that Marlow is also a favourite of the administration. They go outside and the brick maker tried to get himself into Marlow's good list.

          The brick maker then complemented Marlow by saying that Marlow was a member the new fraternity of the people who represent value. There were some people who have sent Mr. Kurtz and the same have sent Marlow. Marlow thought that brick maker is good for nothing and is a hollow man. Marlow was standing beside the steamer which has pulled out of the river.

         The brick maker continued talking with Marlow because he thought that Marlow had a lot of influence with higher officials of the company in Brussels. Marlow was not ready to allow brick maker to have the wrong influence about him. As per Marlow,

"Any kind of false would seem to Marlow smell of death"

        The Brick maker admired Kurtz and said that he is the universal genius. Brick maker was helping the manager in his work as his secretary. Brick maker wanted him to be useful in some way to the manager and wanted to have the confidence of Manager.

        Marlow was in need of "rivets" (bolt - pin) to repair the steamer but those were not available at that place. Marlow told Brick maker to write a letter to the official to send him the rivets, but the Brick maker said that he could not write any letter on his own responsibility.

         Marlow has spent so much labour and pain upon the wreck of a steamer and therefore he started loving it and started feeling it as his friend, Marlow was not fond of this kind of work but as he has started working he thought that he is changing from inside. He found that he can work like this and he got an opportunity to find reality of himself.

         When Marlow climbed up to the deck of the wrecked, he saw a man who was Boiler Maker, a widower, and was having six young children. Marlow told him that the rivets would arrive in the three weeks.

         Rivets did not came but instead of that some people arrived at the station, they were the members of "Eldorado Exploring Expedition" these people came in three groups. During the next three weeks, each group was headed by a donkey carrying a white man, these people brought with them lots of tents, tin boxes and other tools.

        The leader of this expedition was looking like a butcher (killer - meat seller). His eyes had cunning look, he had a fat belly, for some days he was suppose to stay there. This man was talking with nobody except his nephew - the manager.

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Lyric poetry

Lyric poetry

Origin:

           

        Lyric is one of the oldest forms of literature. It originated in ancient Greece with two characteristic,

1. It is an expression of single emotion

2. It is a musical composition.

        

        The word 'Lyric' comes from the word 'Lyre'. It was sung to the addition of lyre. The history of English lyric is very long. The Elizabethan poets were master of the art of lyrical poetry. Now lyric were no more sung with musical instrument in public. It became literary art for poets.

Definitions

According to Oxford dictionary Lyric is,

"The name for a short poem usually divided into stanzas and directly expressing the poet's own thoughts or sentiments"

"A musical thought" - Carlyle

"The spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings" - Wordsworth

"The rhythmic creation of brevity" - Poe

           It speaks the language of soul. It is an impassioned (emotional) speech. The basic quality of lyric is feeling rather than thought. It should be noticed that all lyrical poems are not suitable for singing. It is a short poem about feelings, an emotion, or a single idea.

Subject:

        Lyric appears more to the heart than to the intellect. It appeals to the intellect through heart. Therefore the subjects of Lyrical poetry have remained the same for ages - Love, Death, God, the beauty of nature etc.

        Love has been the favourite, the love between man and woman, likewise the love of man for God, men's love for beauty of the nature. On the other hand dark subjects like hatred, fear, grief, and death have also inspired poets. Subjectivity and briefness are the two essential features of lyric.

        There are four different poetic methods of lyrical poetry. These methods may be called direct, intellectual, formal, and musical. The lyric of romantic poets like Wordsworth, Scott, Shelly, Keats, Byron are the examples of direct types of lyric, they express poet's own feeling in the shortest and simplest form. They are easy to read and understand, but difficult to write.

 Characteristics:

1) A lyric turns on some single thought situation or feeling

2) It is characterized by brevity and rapidity of thought.

3) It is subjective

4) A good lyric sings and dances in the mind of readers, this happens because of its rhythm and rhyme

5) It is a poetic cry for the heart - of joy, sorrow.

6) A good lyric has generally three parts. In the first there is an emotional stimulation (motivation - inspiration), in the second, the emotion is developed to its almost capacity. In the third, the emotion is finally resolved into a thought or attitude.

The subjectivity of lyric:

      

        When we say that a lyric is subjective or personal, we do not mean that it is necessarily autobiographical. The poet, like other artists is capable for entering into the experiences of other people. Poets make the experiences of others to their own.

      

       English literature has a long history of lyric poets, Spenser, Shakespeare, Donne, Milton, Shelly, Keats, Blake, Burns, Byron, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Scott, Tennyson, Hardy, Brooke and lots of others.

Types of Lyric:

       There are four quite different poetic methods. They have been widely used by English lyrical and reflective poets.

1) Direct lyrics:

      These types of lyrics are very simple. They give us poet's experience and the feeling connected with it. In the simplest and shortest form, they are easy to read and understand but difficult to write. They seem to come directly from the heart of the writer and to go straight to the heart of the reader. But this simplicity requires a great deal of deep thought by the poet. Wordsworth's 'Rainbow' and Robert Burn's 'Red Rose', are the best example of direct types of lyrics.

2) Intellectual lyrics:

      All good lyrical poets are not simple, some of them are highly intellect and complicated. They can be understood after several readings and poetry of this kind is not 'spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings' but 'powerful feelings' are 'recollected in tranquillity'. To put these feelings in proper order and expression quietness is necessary. Metaphysical poetry is a kind of these lyrics.

     

      Metaphysical poetry is difficult. Dr. Johnson gave the name "metaphysical" to a school of poets in which John Donne. Sex, love, and religion were their subjects. They were revolutionary poets.

3) Formal lyrics:

       

      Every writer has his own way of writing and that's why he can use different forms of lyric. He can write in the form of an ode, a ballad, or a sonnet. Formal is related with forms and form is all about technical skill. The poem is composed to a set of rules. In this method poet experiments lyrics with different types of forms.

4) Musical lyrics:

      

      All poetry ought to have some musical qualities, but there are some poems in which sound is as important as sense. Sometimes the sound is carefully planned to add the sense through 'Onomatopoeia'. In this the words and the sounds are the same. For example - Cuckoo, Tennyson's 'Break, Break, Break'

      

     There are wide divisions of four types of lyrical poetry - direct, metaphysical - intellectual, formal and musical. But they are not ever fixed. Even the simplest direct lyric for example must also have some formal quality; otherwise it could not be a poem at all.

     

      The lyric appears to be very simple but it is not able to understand easily. It comes from the vibrations of the soul. It is written in an artistic mood of mind. It is the 'happiest expression of happiest moment of life'. It is in this state of mind the poet catch the inspiration, his mind starts singing immediately and the result is a good lyric. Shelly has aptly described it as 'an unpremeditated art', so much so that poet himself is surprised by his own composition.

Old familiar faces - Charles Lamb

Old familiar faces

- Charles Lamb

I have had playmates, I have had companions,

In my days of childhood, in my joyful school-days,

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

I have been laughing, I have been carousing,

Drinking late, sitting late, with my bosom cronies,

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

I loved a love once, fairest among women;

Closed are her doors on me, I must not see her —

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

I have a friend, a kinder friend has no man;

Like an ingrate, I left my friend abruptly;

Left him, to muse on the old familiar faces.

Ghost-like, I paced round the haunts of my childhood.

Earth seemed a desert I was bound to traverse,

Seeking to find the old familiar faces.

Friend of my bosom, thou more than a brother,

Why wert not thou born in my father's dwelling?

So might we talk of the old familiar faces —

How some they have died, and some they have left me,

And some are taken from me; all are departed;

All, all are gone, the old familiar faces.

        In the poem, Charles Lamb has presented the relationships among humans and their results. He is being nostalgic and recalling his memories with his friends, beloved and people who were close to him.

        In the first stanza, the poet has recalled his school days, playmates and companions. He is recalling his childhood and joyful days and also feels pain because all those days are gone, and now there is not any familiar face around him.

       In the second stanza, he talks about his friends when he was young. They all used to enjoy their life, as poet says,

"I have been carousing, drinking late, sitting late, with my bosom cronies"

       In the third stanza, the poet talks about his lost beloved. Post says that she was the most beautiful women,

"Fairest among women"

But she denied continuing the relationship with poet as poet says,

"Closed are her doors on me"

And post has also lost his love of life in this world.

      In the fourth stanza post talks about his best friend and said that he left him 'abruptly' which suggests that may be the friend has died suddenly and now poet cannot meet him.

      In the fifth stanza, poet has presented his condition that he is wandering all around and trying to find the old familiar faces. All the memories are haunting him. And he is all alone on this earth because there are no familiar faces.

      In the sixth stanza, the poet asks his friend that if he is like brother for him then why he has not taken birth from the parents of poet, if they were having same brothers, then they would be able to live together all the time.

      In the last stanza, poet concludes by saying that some of them have died, and some of them have left the poet, some of them have been taken away by God or people and at last all the familiar faces have departed.

       In the poem the poet has presented the view point of having attachment and love for other people and how he has failed to keep everyone with him. He is regretting as well as feeling lost because of these departures.